Eating Right for Chronic Kidney Disease
As Chronic Kidney Disease Becomes More Prevalent, Could One Solution Be Healing With Food?
"The conventional treatment for CKD is to give ACE inhibitors," Doctor Yaw Boateng explains. As one of the leading nephrologists in the United States, Dr. Boateng has witnessed the effects of conventional treatment for over two decades. Ace inhibitors, he explains, relax the veins and arteries, which lowers blood pressure and prevents further damage to the kidneys.
But Dr. Boateng warns there's a big problem with ACE inhibitors. "For one, they have many side effects," he says. "These treatments also can't be used on patients who have advanced CKD." Other treatments include sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors, but those too present severe side effects like bone fractures, hypotension, increased urinary tract infections, and even an increased risk for amputation.
Then, of course, there's the cost and accessibility aspect. Traditional treatments cost patients thousands of dollars annually, further widening the gap between care and accessibility among low-income individuals. And from a wider lens, the cost of kidney treatments affects countries enormously; one report shows that Medicare spends $80 billion on CKD treatments per year. As cases of CKD increase in people worldwide, so too does the global expenditure.
But the more Dr. Boateng researched alternative treatments, the more he found a shocking epiphany: food and supplements may play a vital role in CKD management and care.
"Food in general can be used to manage CKD in ways that traditional medicine can't," he says. "For example, reports detail how milk thistle can improve proteinuria in diabetic patients who still had protein in their urine despite taking the standard angiotensin system blockade treatment."
Eating Right for Chronic Kidney Disease
You may need to change what you eat to manage your chronic kidney disease (CKD). Work with a registered dietitian to develop a meal plan that includes foods that you enjoy eating while maintaining your kidney health.
The steps below will help you eat right as you manage your kidney disease. The first three steps (1-3) are important for all people with kidney disease. The last two steps (4-5) may become important as your kidney function goes down.
The first steps to eating right
Step 1: Choose and prepare foods with less salt and sodium
Why? To help control your blood pressure. Your diet should contain less than 2,300 milligrams of sod
Step 2: Eat the right amount and the right types of protein
Why? To help protect your kidneys. When your body uses protein, it produces waste. Your kidneys remove this waste. Eating more protein than you need may make your kidneys work harder.
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Eat small portions of protein foods.
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Protein is found in foods from plants and animals. Most people eat both types of protein. Talk to your dietitian about how to choose the right combination of protein foods for you.
Animal-protein foods:
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Chicken
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Fish
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Meat
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Eggs
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Dairy
A cooked portion of chicken, fish, or meat is about 2 to 3 ounces or about the size of a deck of cards. A portion of dairy foods is ½ cup of milk or yogurt, or one slice of cheese.
Plant-protein foods:
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Beans
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Nuts
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Grains
A portion of cooked beans is about ½ cup, and a portion of nuts is ¼ cup. A portion of bread is a single slice, and a portion of cooked rice or cooked noodles is ½ cup.
Step 3: Choose foods that are healthy for your heart
Why? To help keep fat from building up in your blood vessels, heart, and kidneys.
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Grill, broil, bake, roast, or stir-fry foods, instead of deep frying.
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Cook with nonstick cooking spray or a small amount of olive oil instead of butter.
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Trim fat from meat and remove skin from poultry before eating.
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Try to limit saturated and trans fats. Read the food label.
Heart-healthy foods:
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Lean cuts of meat, such as loin or round
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Poultry without the skin
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Fish
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Beans
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Vegetables
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Fruits
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Low-fat or fat-free milk, yogurt, and cheese
ium each day.
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Buy fresh food often. Sodium (a part of salt) is added to many prepared or packaged foods you buy at the supermarket or at restaurants.
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Cook foods from scratch instead of eating prepared foods, “fast” foods, frozen dinners, and canned foods that are higher in sodium. When you prepare your own food, you control what goes into it.
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Use spices, herbs, and sodium-free seasonings in place of salt.
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Check for sodium on the Nutrition Facts label of food packages. A Daily Value of 20 percent or more means the food is high in sodium.
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Try lower-sodium versions of frozen dinners and other convenience foods.
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Rinse canned vegetables, beans, meats, and fish with water before eating.
Look for food labels with words like sodium free or salt free; or low, reduced, or no salt or sodium; or unsalted or lightly salted.
The next steps to eating right
As your kidney function goes down, you may need to eat foods with less phosphorus and potassium. Your health care provider will use lab tests to check phosphorus and potassium levels in your blood, and you can work with your dietitian to adjust your meal plan. More information is provided in the NIDDK health topic, Nutrition for Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease.
Step 4: Choose foods and drinks with less phosphorus
Why? To help protect your bones and blood vessels. When you have CKD, phosphorus can build up in your blood. Too much phosphorus in your blood pulls calcium from your bones, making your bones thin, weak, and more likely to break. High levels of phosphorus in your blood can also cause itchy skin, and bone and joint pain.
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Many packaged foods have added phosphorus. Look for phosphorus—or for words with “PHOS”—on ingredient labels.
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Deli meats and some fresh meat and poultry can have added phosphorus. Ask the butcher to help you pick fresh meats without added phosphorus.
Your health care provider may talk to you about taking a phosphate binder with meals to lower the amount of phosphorus in your blood. A phosphate binder is a medicine that acts like a sponge to soak up, or bind, phosphorus while it is in the stomach. Because it is bound, the phosphorus does not get into your blood. Instead, your body removes the phosphorus through your stool.
Step 5: Choose foods with the right amount of potassium
Why? To help your nerves and muscles work the right way. Problems can occur when blood potassium levels are too high or too low. Damaged kidneys allow potassium to build up in your blood, which can cause serious heart problems. Your food and drink choices can help you lower your potassium level, if needed.
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Salt substitutes can be very high in potassium. Read the ingredient label. Check with your provider about using salt substitutes.
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Drain canned fruits and vegetables before eating.